The chemical foundations of biochemistry represent a vast and intricate tapestry of principles that underlie all biological processes, from the most fundamental cellular functions to the most complex organismal behaviour. This foundational framework serves as the essential bridge between basic chemical principles and the remarkable complexity of living systems, providing the theoretical and practical basis for understanding how life operates at the molecular level. The study of these chemical foundations reveals the elegant ways in which biological systems have evolved to harness fundamental chemical principles, creating the precise conditions necessary for life to flourish. These principles do not operate in isolation but rather form an interconnected web of chemical and physical processes that work in concert to maintain the delicate balance required for biological function. Understanding these foundations is crucial not only for comprehending how living systems operate under normal conditions but also for understanding how they respond to...