Vermicomposting represents a biological transformation process where earthworms convert organic waste materials into nutrient-rich humus through their digestive activities and associated microbial decomposition. This introductory chapter establishes the fundamental framework for understanding vermitechnology as a sustainable waste management solution that addresses multiple environmental challenges including soil degradation, organic waste accumulation, and declining agricultural productivity. The chapter explores the historical evolution of vermicomposting from traditional practices to modern scientific applications, examines the ecological and economic significance of earthworm-mediated composting, and establishes the conceptual foundation for subsequent technical discussions. By presenting vermicomposting as an integrated system that combines waste recycling with fertilizer production, this chapter highlights its relevance in contemporary agriculture, environmental management, and circular economy models.