Electric Vehicle (EV) technology represents a multidisciplinary engineering domain that integrates electric powertrains, energy storage architectures, power electronics, digital control, thermal systems, and intelligent mobility frameworks. Modern EV systems are designed to achieve high torque density, optimal energy efficiency, long driving range, rapid charging capability, and seamless integration with smart-grid infrastructures. EVs differ fundamentally from internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles because the propulsion system is entirely electric, eliminating mechanical complexity associated with fuel combustion, exhaust, lubrication circuits, and multi-stage transmissions.